Definition
Define a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when one object changes state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically.
Explanation
The observer pattern is a software design pattern in which an object, called the subject, maintains a list of its dependents, called observers, and notifies them automatically of any state changes, usually by calling one of their methods. It is mainly used to implement distributed event handling systems. The Observer pattern is also a key part in the familiar model–view–controller (MVC) architectural pattern. The observer pattern is implemented in numerous programming libraries and systems, including almost all GUI toolkits.
The observer pattern can cause memory leaks, known as the lapsed listener problem, because in basic implementation it requires both explicit registration and explicit deregistration, as in the dispose pattern, because the subject holds strong references to the observers, keeping them alive. This can be prevented by the subject holding weak references to the observers.
Screencast
TypeScript Code
module Observer { export interface IEvent<T> { add(eventHandler: (sender: any, eventArgs: T) => void): void; remove(eventHandler: (sender: any, eventArgs: T) => void): void; } export class Event<T> implements IEvent<T> { private _eventHandlers: Array<(sender: any, eventArgs: T) => void>; constructor() { this._eventHandlers = new Array<(sender: any, eventArgs: T) => void>(); } public add(eventHandler: (sender: any, eventArgs: T) => void): void { if (this._eventHandlers.indexOf(eventHandler) === -1) { this._eventHandlers.push(eventHandler); } } public remove(eventHandler: (sender: any, eventArgs: T) => void): void { var i = this._eventHandlers.indexOf(eventHandler); if (i !== -1) { this._eventHandlers.splice(i, 1); } } public raise(sender: any, e: T): void { for (var i = 0, j = this._eventHandlers.length; i < j; i++) { try { this._eventHandlers[i](sender, e); } catch(ex) { /*Errors in eventhandlers should not prevent other handlers to be called.*/ } } } } export class PropertyChangedEventArgs { private _propertyName: string; private _before: any; private _after: any; constructor(propertyName: string, before?: any, after?: any) { this._propertyName = propertyName; this._before = before; this._after = after; } public get propertyName(): string { return this._propertyName; } public get before(): any { return this._before; } public get after(): any { return this._after; } } export interface INotifyPropertyChanged { propertyChanged: IEvent<PropertyChangedEventArgs>; } export class ObservableObject implements INotifyPropertyChanged { private _propertyChanged: Event<PropertyChangedEventArgs>; constructor() { this._propertyChanged = new Event<PropertyChangedEventArgs>(); } public get propertyChanged(): IEvent<PropertyChangedEventArgs> { return this._propertyChanged; } protected onPropertyChanged(eventArgs: PropertyChangedEventArgs) { this._propertyChanged.raise(this, eventArgs); } } export class Employee extends ObservableObject { private _name: string; private _role: string; constructor(name: string, role: string) { super(); this._name = name; this._role = role; } public get name(): string { return this._name; } public set name(value: string) { if (this._name !== value) { var eventArgs = new PropertyChangedEventArgs("name", this._name, value); this._name = value; this.onPropertyChanged(eventArgs); } } public get role(): string { return this._role; } public set role(value: string) { if (this._role !== value) { var eventArgs = new PropertyChangedEventArgs("role", this._role, value); this._role = value; this.onPropertyChanged(eventArgs); } } private _isDirty: boolean = false; public get isDirty(): boolean { return this._isDirty; } protected onPropertyChanged(eventArgs: PropertyChangedEventArgs) { this._isDirty = true; super.onPropertyChanged(eventArgs); } } window.addEventListener("load", function () { var employee = new Employee("Wesley", "Developer"); employee.propertyChanged.add(function (sender: any, e: PropertyChangedEventArgs) { Output.WriteLine("The property '" + e.propertyName + "' " + "changed from '" + e.before + "' " + "to '" + e.after + "'."); }); employee.name = "Norbert"; employee.role = "Lead Developer"; employee.name = "Jos"; employee.role = "Junior Developer"; }); }
Output
The property 'role' changed from 'Developer' to 'Lead Developer'.
The property 'name' changed from 'Norbert' to 'Jos'.
The property 'role' changed from 'Lead Developer' to 'Junior Developer'.